مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال یازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 55، مهر و آبان 1403)

Body mass index in patients with diabetes is influenced by health promoting behaviors, distress tolerance and eating behavior, and changes in them may cause changes in the condition of diabetic patients.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of commitment and acceptance therapy and self-compassion therapy on distress tolerance and eating behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with the control group and the statistical population of this research including all overweight people with a body mass index of 25-35 referring to the research laboratory of Tehran in the fall and winter of 2021, among them, 45 people were selected using available sampling method. They were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The pre-test, post-test, and follow-up research tools were the Distress Tolerance Scale by Simons & Gaher and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire by Cappelleri et al. (2009). After the 8 sessions of 90-minute acceptance and commitment-based therapy and the 8 sessions of 90-minute self-compassion therapy, research data were analyzed using variance analysis with repeated measurements.

The results showed no difference between the effectiveness of commitment and acceptance therapy and self-compassion therapy on distress tolerance and eating behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes (P<0.05).

The results of the present study showed that acceptance and commitment therapy and self-compassion therapy are effective treatments in reducing the psychological problems of overweight people, including eating behavior and distress intolerance.

Professional sport not only requires physical preparation, technical and tactical factors, but also cognitive, psychological and emotional characteristics can affect performance.

Hence, the objective of this study was to compare executive functions of attention, observational learning functions and working memory in professional athletes and ordinary people.

This is causal-comparative research. 90 people over 15 years old (45 professional athletes and 45 ordinary people) were included in this study during 2021-2022. For data collection, color-word Stroop test (… & … 2006), Functions of Observational Learning Questionnaire (FOLQ) (Cumming et al., 2005) and Working Memory Rating Scale (WMRS) were used. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent t-test.

The results of the t-test showed a significant difference between the variables of attention, observational learning functions and working memory between two groups of professional athletes and ordinary people (P<0.05). Accordingly, in all the variables of attention ability, observational learning functions including (skill, strategy and execution) and working memory, the mean score of the professional athletes group was higher than ordinary people (P<0.05).

The study results showed the necessity of paying attention to executive functions of working memory, observational learning and sports activities; and many practical implications in the field of interventions for those who decide to exercise professionally.

One of the most common psychological disorders in the world today is depression, and it seems that one of the important components in developing or maintaining depression is the difficulty in regulating emotions.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy on emotion regulation difficulties in depressed people.

The method of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of this research consisted of all the patients diagnosed with depression who were referred to the Yara treatment clinic in 2022, and 30 of them were selected by the available sampling method and randomly assigned to two intervention and control groups. To measure the variables of the study, the Beck Depression Inventory (1961) and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale by Gratz & Roemer (2004) were used. The participants of the intervention group received 12 sessions of 60 to 180 minutes, of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy. The data was analyzed by the method of analysis of variance with repeated measurements in SPSS software version 24.

The results of the present study showed that the mean in the average scores of the components of emotion regulation difficulty in the pre-test-post-test and pre-test-follow-up stages is statistically significant (P<0.05), but the difference in the mean scores in the post-test-follow-up stages is not significant. P < 0.05).

The results of the present study showed that short-term intensive dynamic psychotherapy leads to a reduction in the emotion regulation difficulty in patients with depression. The awareness of counselors, psychologists and other professionals about this treatment on emotion regulation processes and defense mechanisms in depressed patients can be helpful.

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a cognitive profile of aging that requires attention and treatment. Among the types of cognitive rehabilitation therapies, non-invasive brain stimulation and cognitive training can be highlighted as interventions for mild cognitive impairment.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive training interventions, cranial electrical stimulation, and their combination in attention and delayed memory of individuals with mild cognitive impairment. 

This research employs a single-case experimental design involving comparing multiple treatments with follow-up. The study population consists of elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment attending the memory clinic at Modarres Hospital in Isfahan in 2023. According to the research design, two patients were selected through purposive sampling, and the three treatment modalities were implemented in the following sequence: cranial electrical stimulation, a combined treatment that includes cognitive training along with transcranial electrical stimulation, and cognitive training alone.

The results of the follow-up phase for the first and second participants regarding the attention variable were as follows: PND1 =100; RCI1 =19.05; PND2 =100; RCI2 =19.05. For the delayed memory variable, the first and second participants' results were: PND1 =100; RCI1 =13; PND2 =100; RCI2 =15. Therefore, the treatment arrangement of cranial electrical stimulation, combined therapy, and cognitive training has a significant positive effect on attention and delayed memory.

Cranial electrical stimulation influences neurotransmitters and neural networks, creating a foundation for cognitive training effects by establishing new synapses and alterations in dendritic configuration. Consequently, their synergistic effects contribute to the improvement of cognitive behaviors.

Spinal cord injury can influence the quantitative and qualitative parameters of movement and quality of life.

The present research was conducted aiming to investigate the effectiveness of rhythmic movement training on the improvement of sensory-motor performance and quality of life in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury.

The current research was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population consisted of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury who were members of the Association of Spinal Cord Injury in Tehran in 2023. Thirty patients were selected voluntarily and were evaluated after rhythmic movement training for twelve 60-minute sessions, 3 sessions per week, using black-box tests, gross motor skills, two-point discrimination, and health and quality of life assessment questionnaires. The results were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and SPSS statistical software version 22.

The obtained F value indicated that rhythmic movement training significantly affected the improvement of sensory-motor skills, including (sensory skills, gross motor skills, fine motor skills) and quality of life dimensions (physical independence, movement control, mental independence and communication, social behavior, emotional stability, and dynamic range) in the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.01).

Movement training establishes good opportunities to actively absorb different sensory inputs from the environment. Such targeted training can in fact affect the improvement of sensory-motor performance and quality of life in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury.

The more the people are capable of perceiving and regulating their emotions, the more their intellectual and moral habits help them tame their antisocial behaviors.

The aim of the present study was to modeling the structural link between emotion regulation-mediated antisocial behaviors and moral intelligence in men.

The research employed a descriptive-correlational design, and the statistical population included managers, coaches, and athletes engaged with futsal across Iran from 1401 to 1402. A total of 385 individuals were selected using the stratified sampling method. Togarso et al.’s antisocial behavior questionnaires (2020), Link & Keel moral intelligence scale (2005), and Gross & John (2003) emotion regulation questionnaire were used to collect data, and Pearson correlation and structural equation analysis were used to analyze the data in SPSS (version 21) and AMOS (version 24) software.

The results showed an inverse significant correlation between antisocial behavior and cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation strategy (r=-0.43) and moral intelligence (r=-0.46), while suppression emotion regulation strategy was positively associated with antisocial behavior (r= 0.41, P<0.01). The results of structural equations analysis showed that cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation strategy through the mediatory role of moral intelligence exerted a negative effect on antisocial behaviors, while the significant positive effect of suppression emotion regulation strategy on antisocial behaviors was mediated by moral intelligence (P<0.01).

Based on the results, it can be said that being aware of emotion regulation strategies can mitigate men’s antisocial behaviors through the mediating role of moral intelligence. Therefore, antisocial behaviors in men can be controlled by paying attention to these strategies and strengthening moral intelligence.

During their working process nurses are involved in extensive tensions which cause an increase in compassion fatigue and a decrease in empathy and optimism which has a negative effect on the quality of their clinical services.

This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of group spiritual-Islamic mindfulness on nurses’ compassion fatigue, empathy and optimism.

This research was a semi-experimental study whose statistical population included nurses working in Arefian Hospital in Urmia city. In the year 1401, 60 nurses were selected randomly using available sampling method and were put into two experimental and control groups (30 people in each group). The experimental group received inervention during 8 sessions of 90 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The measurement tools were questionnaires from Figley's Compassion Fatigue (1995), Baron-Cohen's Empathy (2003) and Seligman’s Pessimism-Optimism (1982). The participants completed the questionnaires in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up phases. The data was analyzed using the repeated measures and SPSS22 software.

There was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores in the experimental and control groups in all three research variables. The intervention of group spiritual-Islamic mindfulness had a significant effect on nurses’ compassion fatigue (F = 10.980; P < 0.01), empathy (F = 53.071; P < 0.01) and optimism (F = 25.406; P < 0.01).

Group spiritual-Islamic mindfulness was effective on nurses' compassion fatigue, empathy, and optimism; Therefore, this intervention can be used to improve the performance and quality of clinical care of nurses.

Interactions between the society and the brand can play an essential role in society's attitude and behavior towards the brand.

The purpose of this study was to developing a model of community interactions and sports brands of Premier League football clubs based on social-cultural theory.

This research was applied in terms of purpose and of qualitative type with an exploratory nature. In this research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 activists and professors and prominent football players who were selected in a judgmental and purposeful way using the snowball technique. Then, the interviews were categorized and analyzed using the theme coding method.

The influencing factors of the society on the sports brand include cultural factors (platform, inhibition, support, sustainability culture, shopping culture, religious and ethnic) and social factors (social classes, demographic characteristics, community dynamics, social changes and social alignment) and the influencing factors of the sports brand on the society including silent cultural formation (modeling, political goals and brand culture), psychological-social factors (socialization, social unity and cohesion, respect for values and reduction of abnormality, support for the weaker sections of society and social welfare and vitality) and effective brand factors (brand authenticity, level of service, quality and price and level of sports event).

The society and football brands interact with each other in different ways, so it is suggested that relevant managers pay special attention to the effective factors identified in the current research in creating their sports brand

One of the most important problems in the life of couples is marital boredom. It has been proposed to use several educational and therapeutic interventions to improve marital life, among which emotion-oriented therapy and schema therapy can be mentioned.

The aim of this research was to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and emotionally focused therapy on marital disaffection.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all the couples who referred to counseling and psychotherapy centers in Tehran city with complaints of marital conflicts in the summer and fall of 2023, and among them 16 couples (32 people) were selected by available sampling method and randomly and by homogenizing were assigned to experimental and control groups. For the pre-test, post-test - follow-up the participants answered to Marital Disaffection Scale by Kayser (1996). After 12 sessions of schema therapy and 12 sessions of emotionally focused therapy, in the present study, in order to data analysis "variance analysis with repeated measure" statistical method and SPSS-22 software was used.

The results indicate the effectiveness of schema therapy and emotionally focused therapy on the marital disaffection in the intervention groups and the continuation of these effects in the follow-up phase (P<.05).

The results showed that emotionally focused therapy and schema therapy were both equally effective on marital burnout in couples. It is suggested to include schema therapy and emotionally focused therapy in couples and family therapy training programs

Clinical and experimental studies have shown that type 2 diabetes is associated with depression-related disorders. Inflammation has been identified as a common mechanism in both type 2 diabetes and depression. Several studies have suggested that swimming exercise might be able to reduce depression-related symptoms

The present research aims to investigate the effect of swimming training on inflammatory cytokines in the serum of rats with depression-type 2 diabetes.

The experimental research design is a randomized controlled trial. The statistical population is male C57BL6 mice kept in Pasteur Institute of Iran in 2021. 40 mice were randomly selected and randomly divided into two groups (20 samples in each group). One group became diabetic with a high-fat diet and Streptozotocin. Diabetic samples underwent swimming training for 4 weeks. Then, depression-like behaviors were assessed with Sucrose preference, Novelty-suppressed feeding, Social interaction, and Tail suspension test. We also measured the levels of glucose, insulin and inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α in the serum of the animals. The data were analyzed by Graphpad Primes.

The results indicated that type 2 diabetes significantly increased anhedonia- and depression-like behaviours in mice. Moreover, swimming exercise reduced anhedonia- and depression-like behaviour in type 2 diabetic mice. Swimming exercise also decreased glucose and inflammatory cytokines in the serum of mice with type 2 diabetes.

Collectively, this study demonstrates that swimming exercise decreased depression-like behaviour by reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice.Further clinical studies are needed to validate these findings in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Today, sports are considered as an international foundation all over the world, on the one hand, the abuse of drugs and supplements in sports, on the other hand, the abuse of drugs and supplements in sports is one of the problems that today's societies are facing.

The present research aimed to design and develop cognitive-based educational strategies to combat illicit drug use in bodybuilding clubs of the country.  

This study is a descriptive-correlational research based on structural equation modeling and is also considered an applied research in terms of objectives. The statistical population of the study included all instructors of the country's bodybuilding and fitness federation and sports science professors knowledgeable about the research topic, and the sample size was determined to be 402 using G*Power version 1.3. Accordingly, 450 questionnaires were distributed, and 408 respondents correctly completed the research questionnaire. The researcher-made questionnaire was used as the research tool, consisting of 26 items and 7 components with a 5-point Likert scale (completely agree to completely disagree). After confirming the validity of the questionnaires with the help of 8 experts and specialists, their reliability was also confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and they were used to collect data. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used to analyze the collected data. In the descriptive statistics section, frequency tables and charts, relative frequency, and population characteristics of the research participants were used, and mean and standard deviation were calculated. In the inferential statistics section, structural equation modeling using SmartPLS version 4 software was used to investigate the research model.

The results of the data analysis showed that cognitive-based educational content, cognitive leadership style, information acquisition, dissemination of information, information deletion, cognitive-based teaching methods, and human resources in cognitive-based education are educational strategies to combat illicit drug use in bodybuilding clubs of the country.

By developing the cognitive knowledge of the athletes in this field, he convinced them to stay away and avoid the consumption of these supplements, and therefore, for the development of cognitive knowledge, a comprehensive planning regarding the design of cognitive knowledge content, the training of expert human resources in this field, and attention to knowledge and informed the trainers and officials of this field.

The poor theory of mind is one of the basic defects of children with intellectual disability, which causes a major dysfunction in most of their functions.

This study aimed to design the educational plays based on theory of mind and determine its effectiveness on social adequacy and self-esteem in children with mild intellectual disability.

This study was semi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and a two-month follow-up with a control group. The population was all students with mild intellectual disability in Tehran in second elementary school who were studying in exceptional schools for the 2022-2023 school year. The sample consisted of 28 male students who were included in the study using convenience sampling and randomly divided into the experimental and control group. The instruments included Theory of Mind test of Steerneman (1999), Social Competence Scale of Felner (1990), and Self-Esteem Scale of Rosenberg (1965). The intervention program was implemented on the experimental group in 24 sessions of 90 minutes. Moreover, a follow-up was performed two month after the sessions. The data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that the educational program of this study has good validity and reliability. Moreover, it has a significant effect on improving theory of mind, social adequacy and self-esteem (p< 0.001), and this effect was sustainable after two month.

Parents, teachers, psychologists and rehabilitation centers can use the plays of this educational program to improve theory of mind, social adequacy and self-esteem of children with mild intellectual disability.